ምልካዊ ስርዓት ኢሳይያስ ብዘይ ብቑዕ ምኽንያት ንኣስታት 6 ዓመታት ኣሲሩዎም ዝጸንሐ ሽዱሽተ ጋዜጠኛታት ከምዝፈተሐ ተፈሊጡ።
ምልካዊ ስርዓት ኢሳይያስ ብዘይ ብቑዕ ምኽንያት ንኣስታት 6 ዓመታት ኣሲሩዎም ዝጸንሐ ሽዱሽተ ጋዜጠኛታት ራድዮ ባናን ድምጺ ሓፋሽን ከምዝፈትሐ Reporters Without Borders ዝተባህለ ማሕበር ሓቢሩ። እቶም ነጻ ተለቒቖም ዘለዉ፣ ባሲልዮስ ዘሞ፣ ይርግኣለም ፍስሃ፣ መለስ ንጉሰ፣ በረኸት ምስግና
ምልካዊ ስርዓት ኢሳይያስ ብዘይ ብቑዕ ምኽንያት ንኣስታት 6 ዓመታት ኣሲሩዎም ዝጸንሐ ሽዱሽተ ጋዜጠኛታት ራድዮ ባናን ድምጺ ሓፋሽን ከምዝፈትሐ Reporters Without Borders ዝተባህለ ማሕበር ሓቢሩ።
እቶም ነጻ ተለቒቖም ዘለዉ፣ ባሲልዮስ ዘሞ፣ ይርግኣለም ፍስሃ፣ መለስ ንጉሰ፣ በረኸት ምስግና ኣባላት ሬድዮ ባና፣ ግርማይ ኣብርሃምን ጴጥሮስ ተፈርን ከኣ ካብ ሬድዮ ድምጺ ሓፋሽ እዮም።
ምልካዊ ስርዓት ኢሳይያስ ሚኒስተር ዜና ነበር ዓሊ ዓብዱ ራሕሪሑዎ ኣብ ወጻኢ ዑቕባ ድሕሪ ምሕታቱ፣ ኣብ ህዝቢ ይኹን እቶም እሱራት ንገዛእ ርእሶም፣ ግዳያት ዓሊ ዓብዱ ከምዝነበሩ እቲ ስርዓት ንጹህ ምዃኑ ዝንቡዕ ስምዒት ንምፍጣር፣ ኣብ ወርሒ መጋቢት 2013 ምስዚኣቶም ኣብ ቀይዲ ኣእትዩዎም ንዝነበረ 33 ጋዜጠኛታት ራድዮ ባናን ካልኦት ገጠምትን ሰነጥበበኛታትን ብዋሕስ ከምዝፈጥሐ ይፍለጥ።
ሎሚ ኸኣ “ቅዋም ሞይቱ እዩ” ብዝብል ብድዐ ኢሳይያስ ኣብ ልዕሊ ህዝቢ ብዝያዳ ድማ ኣብ ልዕሊ እቶም ቀንዲ ደገፍቱ ፈጢሩዎ ንዝቐነየ ተስፋ ምቝራጽን ቅብጸትን ኣውንታዊ ብዝመስል ዜና ንምድባሱ፣ ከምኡ ‘ውን ንማሕበረሰብ ዓለም ምምሕያሽ የርኢ ከምዘሎ ንምታልል እዩ፣ ነዞም ንኣስታት 6 ዓመታት መቝሑዎም ዝጸንሐ 6 ግዳያት ፈቲሑዎም ዘሎ።
በቲ ምስ ቅዋም ዝተኣሳሰረ ዓጀውጀዉ ኣብ ህዝቢ ዓሚሩ ንዝቐነየ ቁጥዐን ምምራርን ንምዕጋስ እዞም እሱራት ክፍትሑ እዮም ዝብል ወረ ኣብ ክሊ ደገፍቱ ኣቐዲሙ ብታሕቲ ጋሕቲ ኣናፊሱዎ ከምዝቐነየ ‘ውን ይፍለጥ።
ህዝቢ ይኹን እቶም ግዳያት፣ ብምፍትሖም ተደዓዒሶም ኣብ ክንዲ ዝዛነዩ፣ ብቐደሙ እዞም መንእሰያት ስለምንታይ ንሽዱሽተ ዓመታት ብዘይ ብቑዕ ምኽንያት ተኣሲሮም ንእስነቶም ብኸንቱ ከምዝባኸነ እዮም ክሓቱ ዘለዎም።
ምልካዊ ስርዓት ህግደፍ ካብ 2001 ኣትሒዙ ዝኣሰሮም ክሳብ ሕጂ ሃለዋቶም ዘይፍለጥ ሓያለ ጋዜጠኛታት ኣብ ምስጢራዊ ማሕዩር ናይቲ ምልካዊ ስርዓት ይሓቁ ከምዘለዉ ይፍለጥ።
Jorjo January 25, 2015
ስለምንታይ ኢና ብንእሽቶይ ነገር ንሕጎስን ንደዓዓስን? ስለምንታይ ኢና ቀልጢፍና ንርስዕ? እሞ ድማ ናትና ኣበርክቶ ናይ ቃልሲ ኣብ ዘይ ገበርናሉ ፍትሒ ፍናን ንረክብ? ናብ መበገሲ ጽሑፈይ ክምለስ።
ከም ሓውሲ ናጻ ራድዮ ክትሕሰብ ትኸእል ራድዮ ባና (ኣብ ትሕቲ ሚኒስትሪ ትምህርቲ ትእለ ብባጀት ዩኒሴፍ ትምወል ፡ብዛዕባ ትምህርቲ ን ዓበይትን ጥዕናን ትዛረብ) ብሃንደበት ከም ዝተዓጽወትን እዞም ኣካየድትን ኣዳለውትን ዝያዳ ድማ ህቡባት ገጠምቲ ዝኾኑ ኣፍቀርቲ ስነ ጥበብ ዜጋታት ብዘይ ፍርዲ ንዓመታት ብከቢድ ስቓይ ምእሳሮምን ምፍትሖምን ሰሚዕና።እዞም ሹዱሽተ ኤርትራውያን ጋዜጠኛታት ራድዮ ባናን ድምጺ ሓፋሽን ዝነበሩ ድሕሪ ናይ ሹዱሽተ ዓመት ከቢድ መኣሰርቲ ተፈቲሖም ተባሂሉ ኣብ ማዕከናት ዜና ደለይቲ ፍትሒ ከምኡ ድማ ብኣህጉራዊ ተጣባቒ መሰል ጋዜጠኛታት (RSF) ከም ሰበር ዜና ኮይኑ ምቕራቡ ኣብ ኣእምሮይ ሓደ ሕቶ ኣለዓዒሉለይ።ቀዳማይ ስርዓት ኣስመራ መሊሱ ካልኦት ተወሰኽቲ ንልዕሊ ዓሰርተ ዓመታት ዝኣሰሮም ጋዜጠኛታትን ፖለቲከኛታትን መራሕቲ ሃይማኖትን ይፈትሕ ’ዶ ይኸውን? ዝብል ክኸውን ከሎ እቲ ካልኣይ ግና ብሰንኪ እቲ ሎም ቅነ ዝዝከር ዘሎ ፈተነ ዕልዋ ፎርቶ ዝሰዓበ ፈንካሕካሕ ህግደፍ ንምሽፋን እሞ እዚኦም ብትእዛዝ ፕረስደንት ኢሳይያስ ዘይኮነስ ብትእዛዝ እዚ ሎሚ ኣብ ስደት ዝርከብ ሚኒስተር ዜና ነበር ዓሊ ዓብዱ ብውልቂ ጽልኢ ከም ዝተኣሰሩ እሞ ድሕሪ ናቱ ህድማ ድማ ጉዳዮም ተራእዩ ከም ዝተፈትሑ ብምምሳል ንህዝቢ ጌጋ ስእሊ ንምሃብ ዝተገብረ መታለሊ ትያትር ’ዩ ዝተፈልጠ ነገር የልቦን። ብዝኾነ ግና ህግደፍ ኣብ ዊን ዝበሎ እዋን ፈቲሕዎም ኣሎ።ናብቲ ቀንዲ ቁም ነገረይ ክምለስ ምፍታሕ ሓደ እሱር ከሕጉሰና ባህርያዊ እዩ።ኮይኑ ግና ኣብ ጉዳይ እሱራት ዝምልከት ናትና ግደ ኣብዚ እንታይ ኔሩ ?ኢልካ ምስ ትሓትት ፡ዋላ ሓንቲ ከም ዝኾነ ብዙሓት ኣብዚ ዓውዲ መራኸቢ ብዙሓን ንነጥፍ ንሰማምዓሉ ይመስለኒ።ብስቱር እንቋዕ ሓጎሰኩም ምባል ይሓይሽ ይብል። ካብ ብፍረ ጻዕርኻ ዝተረኽበ ፍትሒ ዘስምዕ ዜና ምቕራብ ክንወጽእ ይግባእ ።ሓደ ግዜ ዳዊት ይስሓቕ ተፈቲሑ ተባሂሉ ኣብ ሽወደን ሻምፓኝ ምኽፋቱን ድሕሪ ሳልስቲ ግና ከም እንደገና ደሃይ ኣጥፊኡ ተባሂሉ ድማ እንሆ ክሳብ ሎሚ ንኣስታት 13 ዓመት ምስ ብጾቱ ኣብ ቤት መኣሰርቲ ህግደፍ ይሳቐ።ጋዜጣታት ሽወደን ዳዊት ይፈታሕ ኢለን ካብ ምጽሓፍ ኣየዕረፋን።ኮይኑ ግና እቲ ካብ ህግደፍ ፍትሒ ኣይተረኽበን።ዘረባ ንበይኑ እኹል ኣይኮነን።ግብራዊ ጸቕጢ ዘምጽእ ቃልሲ ክሳብ ዘይብልካ ከምዚ ዜና ምንፋስ ሳዕቤኑ ዝገደደ እዩ። ካብ ቁጽጽርካ ወጻኢን ተመሊስካ ዘይትሕግዞ ልዕሊ ኩሉ ድማ ብዝኾነ መንገዲ ምስ እዚ ኣብ ስደት ዝመደበሩ ሕንቁቕ ደምበ ተቓውሞ ርክብ ዘይነበሮም ዜጋታት ተፈቲሖም ኢልካ ብናይ ቲፎዞ ስምዒት ብሓጎስ ምስርሳር ስርዓት ኣስመራ ከም ቆልዓ ስለ ዝኾነ ዝጻወሮ ኣይኮነን።ልዕሊ ኩሉ ድማ ግዚያዊ ፖለቲካዊ ዋዕን ዛሕልን ኣስመራ ንነባሪ ፍትሒ ብተዘዋዋሪ መንገዲ እንዳ ዓቀነ መንገዲ ኣናዊሑ ነቲ ዘይተርፍ ነባሪ ፍትሒ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ከደንጉዮን ከዘናግዓናን የብሉን።
Wadbahar January 25, 2015
“One swallow does not make a spring.” (Aristotle?)
The above saying explains the significance of the release of the six prisoners. “Swallow” is a bird which makes its appearance or return to its home country from its migration to enjoy the first day of spring or summer, according to another version of the expression. This is to say that we should not be happy or excited because he released this number of journalists. We have a long way to go yet. This does not belittle our happiness on the occasion of their release. With this said, I would raise below a more serious social issue that concerns many of us.
Regarding the reason for which they were released, some (check for yourself the comments under this thread) went as far as saying that Isias might have released them because he might have found Ethiopian origin in them. The premises for this interpretation could be the myth that Isias is Ethiopian and not Eritrean. I am still trying to figure out why some of us could go so far and divide our prisoners into Eritreans and Ethiopians while there are some more likely reasons out of which one obvious development peeps out, CALLING OUR ATTENTION. Can’t we think that the current moves towards the naturalization of the Cuban-American relations might have opened the appetite of the regime, as it did that of Bashar Al Asad of Syria and other dictatorships, and that there could be some moves under the table? These young men are tested Eritreans, whose loyalty to the Eritrean cause cannot be questioned at all (they are not Internet heroes like us), and we are very happy and excited for them, wishing them a safe return to their normal life and hopefully to their profession. But the most unrealistic of all is that: Why do we think that Ethiopians would sacrifice their lives for Eritrea by fighting a war that is not theirs? It does not add up. Such a shortsighted, oversimplified, degrading, and demoralizing interpretation (though I know unintentional) look to be the reflection of a serious social issue many of us always warn against: the obsession of “Haraq memzez”. All prisoners definitely represent the social fabric of our society. If one goes to a prison, he/she would see LITTLE ERITREA; with all its social distinctions that spread them into regions or Awrajas, nationalities, religions, cultures, gender, age, profession, colour …etc. This diversity is a natural phenomenon and great wealth we should be envied for. As for the six released prisoners, all of them are proud Eritreans who were thrown to the jail for no crime but because of their noble stand against injustice, and for their partisanship for their people. Is it just, fair, and even logical to suspect that these great Eritreans who had spent a precious part of their lives in prison because they were the voice of the voiceless would be of non-Eritrean origin? Where does this take us? In what way does such erroneous interpretation would help the struggle of the people of which we claim to be a part? How do the released prisoners who have spent a number of years in prison for the sake of justice feel when reading this particular interpretation? SHOCKING! SHOCKING! SHOCKING!
Maybe, our ancestors are all responsible for co-creating this social problem. Unless we reach a stage where there is no “us” and “them” mentality, recognizing ourselves as one human race united by our commonality and celebrating our differences, we will not live in peace with ourselves and move an inch forward as a free people. We are a long way from that and that scares me, as it does many readers. Why do they need to be of Ethiopian origin in order for Isias to release them? Why do we think he would put Ethiopians in jail for Eritrean cause to begin with when he could deport them to their country? If they are Ethiopians, why do we think they would prefer to suffer with me and you in the most inhuman situation and in a country moving in a backward spiral when they have a better country with a more promising future? All these are mind-boggling questions.
assenna January 25, 2015
Wadbahar,
Your comment is too long. Guys, do we have to tell each and everyone of those who post long comments that their comment is long? It would be really nice if you could cooperate with us by posting short comments. From now on long comments will be deleted.Thank you
Wadbahar January 25, 2015
I ‘m sorry for the inconvenience created. It won’t happen again.
Simon G. January 25, 2015
Truly,
Let me put a nonsense comment here to make a point. Every Amiche is Ethiopian. How does it sound? Before you verify these journalists are Eritrean or not, you label them as Ethiopian origin, just because their name sounds Tigrayan to you. I am sure you have a brother or father or sister or mother with Ethiopian names but that doesn’t make them Ethiopian. I would say the majority of Eritrean names have Amharic meaning and a lot of them Hebrew meaning (including my name). Does it make me Israelite? How is that Biteweded doesn’t seem Ethiopian to you? Oh, I get it, because he was a general. Please stop writing after you have enough drink. This is not helping us in any way.
Truly Truly i say to you January 26, 2015
Why are you offended and blowing dust for i said, Isayas released them he might have found Ethiopian origin in them? Was it my my central crux point? Why you focus at irrelevant point for i already asked apologize about?First of all it is not Assenna´s mistake, if in case in my assumption i did mistake. It is my personal view and personal responsibility but you seems to give gilt to Assenna and others ? Since the regime without any transparency, evidence and official information by defaming our citizens imprisoning and torching it is also my right in what ever right or wrong tactic to challenge and discredit the regime´s evil behavior. Are you going to tell me Isayas never gave mercy to Capitain Bizabh Petros, so what is wrong if i ask why he not give mercy to popular journalists, priests,Ministers others innocent citizens etc. Was it not this my central crux point? If Asssenna was not limited us not to right long comments I can give enough reason for all my arguments and assumption.Anyway!
Simon G. January 26, 2015
I am not sure what you are reading but I haven’t criticize Assenna or others. This is directly to you on your comment. Get some important ideas rather than useless items, such as the names of Ethiopian origin. We have more important issues at hand. You blame and apologize in one sentence is not an apology. You are acting wild here. You get some quotes from the Holy book and at the same time creating hatred among Eritreans or neighbours. We have Nhna Nsu worse than anyone else but they are still Eritrean btw.
I know what isayas did to the ministers b/c this affects to my direct family. So, please focus on the struggle.
Biniam Kidane January 26, 2015
For me, the debate between Simon G.(the great) and the boring truly truly is like a debate between a philosopher and an elementary school confused pupil. The philosopher (S.G) articulates why planetearth is round with lists of justifications and evidences from real life while the detractor blinded by false religion and hatred stomps his feet and shout “bring whatever evidence you can, the earth is but flat”. How can one list a number of blind assertions that have no justifications and evidences and call them ‘my personal views and personal responsibility’ and yet again comes up with lame excuses and fake apology? Side issues and personal attacks aside lets get down to the serious and crucial struggle of getting rid the evil higdef regime.
Simon G. January 27, 2015
ትማሊ: ዳርጋ ኣርባዕተ ሰዓታት ዝኸውን ሕቖይ ክብድ ኢሉኒ ውዒሉ። ለካስ: በዓል ቢኒን ይትባረኽን ካብ ዓቕመይ ንላዕሊ ሽመት ስለዝጸዓኑኒ ‘ዩ። የቐንየለይ። ግ:፥ ግን’የ ዝበልኩ: ኣኽቢድኩምለይ።
Yitbarek January 26, 2015
truly truly, step out of the narrow mindedness, ignorance and arrogance that you exhibit without any shame. Look to the bigger picture of how to get the evil system of higdef out of poor Eritrea. This time you got caught with your pant down by the brilliant brother Simoen G. You have been getting away with so much garbage for far too long but this time round let’s all hope that you got the message of NOT to mix politics with religion ever again! We have been ignoring you saying “Tsemam Hade derfu” will sooner than later get tired of it but sadly you have been spreading hatred and divisions with our closest neighbors. What’s more one never hears from our Moslem brothers any quotes from their holy bible of Koran, so my last question to you would be unless you have to quote our Holy Bible for business reasons or gains, WHY and why do you have to mention it every time you comment with your broken English and Amiche Tigrigna? Lets hope Simoen G has sorted you out for once and for good at last!
assenna January 26, 2015
Yitbarek,
Watch out your language. And focus on the topic of discussion. Help the discussion move forward.
Genet-orginal January 27, 2015
Since when are Simoen G and Truly Truly not on the same page about Eritrea.
Pardon me, but Does one has to be an atheist to comment on Assennna? What is wrong with speaking or writing Tigrigna wth an Amiche accent?
I am just asking.
Genet-O
Simon G. January 27, 2015
Geneta:
You have asked “What is wrong with speaking or writing Tigrigna with an Amiche accent?” Absolutely nothing. We even talking/writing in English, which is foreign to us. I raised that comment to make a point on the surnames used by a lot of Eritreans and brother Truly trying to denying them (at least doubt them) their Eritrean citizenship. The first response from him should be “Congrats guys”. These journalists were in hell and as soon as they came out and read this kind of statements? How would it feel if it was you, Genet (btw, Ethiopians use your name as well)?
SAWA January 26, 2015
Aye zi nhna nezi hiji kem Tesfa fitah khseb dyu… dehan kikewnyu gidi esurat kfetih jemiru …..kuwam knedif eye elu….. so nab lbu ymles alo dina behalti. Kemti n bun degagimna kmexie kelo ndbso kemeuwn tseba ab dstu kelo gef gef elu kfesis ydeli may ndbso melisu ymexie ndbso. Hiji Ezi rgum stylu keyru eyu kxawetelna zhasib zelo… nflah ngenfil ntekos tehazi jebena dyu kharir eti hawi dyu tefieu nab feham kkyer ……nflah nflah ngenfil ntekos …keltifna ab mierafu knebxho
Genet-orginal January 26, 2015
I am glad they are out.
But why am I having the feelling that DIA is playing his card to stay in power. I don’t think this has anything to do with the Eritrean people. I think he is making deals with outsiders who have been his boss, since the onset of time, when he injected himself in to the Eritrean society like a Snake venom that has proven to be deadly to our people. If you know what I mean.
Genet-O
Hanti-Eritra January 26, 2015
creating this social problem. Unless “we reach a stage where there is no “us” and “them” mentality, recognizing ourselves as one human race united by our commonality and celebrating our differences, we will not live in peace with ourselves and move an inch forward as a free people.”
Wadbahar
Thank you !!!
Truly Truly i say to you January 27, 2015
Actually equivalent to your stupid altitude in a way the language you understand i liked to respond for all of you foxes here pretending Woreja. Like the Amharic say goes “ቆማጣን ቆማጣ ካላሉት ካንተ ጋር ገብቶ ይፈተፍታልና።” You people whatever you pretend , you think reading your soul your hidden mission will be stayed undiscovered. Anyway i don´t want to go deep about, but mine and yours mission so that to be judged by any other sensible readers, i ask you one simple question. When hear someone and others many times despises our glorious Gedli history as wasted useless time describing that does not pain you, the independence as reasons for Eritrean misery when described and as solution when recommending you to unite with Ethiopia that does not offend you, how you are offending by my little strategical talk that i used it to exposed the regime? You tell me i am causing hatter among nations. Please which one is more causing division and hatter among neighbors? The name issue to discredit my own regime i raised it, or the one who tells you , “you can not survive unless with Ethiopia unite, reconsider about your useless Gedli by saying who mocking at you? Is it a way for unity which brings peace are you mean it? I know, you offended for i defended my nation interest, and for i reminded the honest, patriot prisoner Bewoded Abreha to be released and according his demand if it be practicable we were be privileged 25 billions dollar from port income because i said it is, not the name issue. My central crux point as it is not about name simon. g already yourself answered it giving example the name Betwoded´s. But philosopher simon if you and others continue to provoke me by irrelevant topic (ጓል መንገዲ) bringing nonsense talk, in a language you understand i will inforce to answer you, For instance by saying the name Simon and Binyam you got it because you born or grown up in Eritrea, otherwise your origin name Would be Atakilti, or Guosch something like that. Understand?
Simon G. January 27, 2015
ትሩ(ብ)ሊ፥
ማይ ሰቲኻ ጸሓፍ ‘ኳ ‘የ ኢለካ። ኩሉ ስለትሓዋውሶ መእሰሪ ስኢነሉ። ስለዚ: ስለዚ ‘የ ዝበልኩ: ከይምልሰልካ ሕቶኻ ኣይነጸረን። እታ ሓንቲ መልሲ ተድልያ ኮይና ትስምዓኒ ኣብ ናይ “ኣስማት” ‘ያ። መጀመርታ ዝመለስኩልካ (መለስ ትግርኛ ምኻኑ ንእግረ መገድና)ውን ኳ በታ ናይ ኣስማት ኢልካ ዘልዓልካይ ነጥቢ ያ። ስምኦንን ቢኒያምን ኣስማት ናይ ኤርትራውያን ጌርካዮ። እዚኩሉ መጽሓፍ ቅዱስ የንብብ የ ትብል። በል ናይ እስራኤላውያን ዩ። ብሉይ ኪዳን ምንባብ ትዝሕል ኣለኻ መስለኒ። ደሓር ግን ኣማኒ መጽሓፍ ቅዱስ ክከም ዝጥዕሞ ካብ ኡ ኣስማት ክወስድ ጀሚሩ። ኣይኮነን ድዩ? ኣነስ ከኣ ዓንደብርሃን ‘ዶ ገብረመስቀል ትብል መሲሉኒ ኔሩ። ስለምንታይ ትግርኛ ስለዝኾነ።
AHMED SALEH !!! January 27, 2015
Two individuals at the same page need to respect the notion
on to agree to disagree respectively . Since Simon and Truly
are top commentators in this forum , they should take little
consideration at the reaction of their friends in this forum.
Do not open door to those with sinister motives . Thanks .
Simon G. January 28, 2015
Brother Ahmed,
Sometimes agreeing to disagree and move on to the next chapter is wise decision to make. Thanks!
Afewerki January 27, 2015
If Mister MONKEY already said in Atlanta/USA that the constitution is already in application, what has then Ali Abdu to do with th emprisonment of the victims? Where is then the application of the rule of law? Does Ali or the rule(government) decide about the destiny of the ruled people? The clique of bandits in the Asmara regime has anyway lost its trustworthy. What ever they argue has no acceptance more.
A bandt remains a bandit! Eritreans as the most intelligent people in the world do not deseve to be reigned with a hard fist. This way to handele the people is also shared by Mr Hermann Cohen, the architect in the HORN behind the curtains.
We the people failed to be organised and search for an efficient solution. IT is not DIAs failure but our weakness that makes problems now. An observer has never succeeded. Handling/Aktion brings a solution, not paper tigering or words.
Michael Tesfamaiam January 27, 2015
Ali Abdu is a criminal, and must be investigated now. He and others who have served the regime in the past in torturing, detaining and killing innocent Eritreans must be brought to justice now. The Commission of Inquiry which has been set up to investigate HGDEF’s atrocities must also investigate those who fled from the regime and now live in abroad. Leaving the regime does not make them free from the crimes they had committed in the past.